Agriculture has been using bioengineered plant varieties since 1996. Biotech varieties are now planted on 13 percent of the world's arable land. Soy, corn, cotton and rapeseed account for the largest fractions of this volume. The British agricultural economist Graham Brookes has examined the economic and ecological effects of cultivation in the period from 1996 to 2020 in several publications in specialist journals.

Higher yields

His findings paint a clear picture. The cultivation of bioengineered varieties contributes to significantly higher yields and thus to higher incomes for farmers. In the period under examination, one billion additional tons of food, animal feed and fiber crops were produced. Yields of insect-resistant corn were, on average, 17 percent higher than conventional crops. The same applies for cotton that was genetically engineered to improve resistance to certain harmful insects. Harvests increased by an average of 14.5 percent.

Less crop protection needed

However, biotechnology provides more than just larger harvests. Thanks to crops endowed with resistance to insect pests, farmers also had to apply fewer insecticides. In the period between 1996 and 2022, a total of 7.5 million tons of pesticides could be dispensed with. This corresponds to 1.5 times the amount used in China every year. Where biotech varieties were grown, the use of pesticides was reduced by an average of 7.2 percent. For cotton and corn, the amount of insecticides applied fell by 30 and 41 percent respectively.

Lower CO2 emissions

The cultivation of genetically modified plants also has a positive effect on CO2 emissions. Since the plants are more resistant to pests, tractors do not have to be driven over the fields so often. This saves diesel and CO2. Cultivating varieties that are tolerant to specific herbicides also allows gentler weed control. Thanks to the use of herbicides, the soil does not have to be plowed as often and thus binds more carbon. Many farmers were able to switch to plowless cultivation systems. In 2020, such cultivation methods saved 23.6 million kilograms of CO2. This corresponds to the annual CO2 emissions of around 15 million cars.

Reduced space requirement

Biotechnology has also contributed to more efficient land management. Due to the significantly higher yields compared to conventional cultivation methods, biotech varieties occupy less land. In order to maintain global yields of soybeans, corn, cotton and canola without biotechnology, an additional 234,000 square kilometers of cultivated land would be required. This corresponds to about six times the area of Switzerland.